UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

 

FORM 10-Q

 

(Mark One)

☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2015

☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                      to                      

Commission File Number 1-13754

 

THE HANOVER INSURANCE GROUP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

440 Lincoln Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01653

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(508) 855-1000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No   ☒ 

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock was 44,193,261 as of July 28, 2015.  

 

 

 

 

 

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THE HANOVER INSURANCE GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

1. Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of The Hanover Insurance Group, Inc. and subsidiaries (“THG” or the “Company”) have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the requirements of Form 10-Q. Certain financial information that is provided in annual financial statements, but is not required in interim reports, has been omitted.

The interim consolidated financial statements of THG include the accounts of The Hanover Insurance Company (“Hanover Insurance”) and Citizens Insurance Company of America, THG’s principal U.S. domiciled property and casualty companies; Chaucer Holdings Limited (“Chaucer”), a specialist insurance underwriting group which operates through the Society and Corporation of Lloyd’s (“Lloyd’s”) and certain other insurance and non-insurance subsidiaries. These legal entities conduct their operations through several business segments discussed in Note 10 – “Segment Information”. Additionally, the interim consolidated financial statements include the Company’s discontinued operations, consisting primarily of the Company’s former life insurance businesses and its accident and health business. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

In the opinion of the Company’s management, the accompanying interim consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring items, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and results of operations. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s 2014 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 24, 2015.

2. New Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Implemented Standards

 In April 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Update No. 2014-08, (Topic 205 and Topic 360) Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity. This ASC update modifies the definition of discontinued operations by limiting discontinued operations reporting to disposals of components of an entity that represent strategic shifts that have (or will have) a major effect on an entity’s operations and financial results. Also, this update requires additional financial statement disclosures about discontinued operations, as well as disposals of an individually significant component of an entity that do not qualify for discontinued operations presentation. This ASC update was effective for all disposals (or classifications as held for sale) of components of an entity that occurred within annual and interim periods beginning on or after December 15, 2014 and for all businesses that, on acquisition, were classified as held for sale that also occurred within interim and annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2014. The Company implemented this guidance effective January 1, 2015. The effect of implementing this guidance was not material to the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

Recently Issued Standards

In May 2015, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2015-09, (Topic 944) Financial Services- Insurance: Disclosures about Short-Duration Contracts. This ASC update requires several additional disclosures regarding short-duration insurance contracts, including; disaggregated incurred and paid claims development information, quantitative and qualitative information about claim frequency and duration, and the sum of incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) liabilities plus expected development on reported claims included in the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses along with a description of reserving methodologies. This information is required to be presented by accident year, for the number of years for which claims typically remain outstanding, but need not exceed 10 years. A reconciliation of the claims development disclosures to the aggregate carrying amount of the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses, including a separate disclosure for reinsurance recoverables is also required for each period presented in the statement of financial position. In addition, this ASC requires insurance entities to disclose information about significant changes in methodologies and assumptions used to calculate the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses, including reasons for the change and the effects on the financial statements.  The updated guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASC Update 2015-09 to have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations, as the update is disclosure related.

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In April 2015, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2015-03, (Subtopic 835-30) Interest-Imputation of Interest: Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs. This ASC update requires that debt issuance costs be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of a debt liability, consistent with debt discounts or premiums, and amortization of debt issuance cost shall be reported as interest expense. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs are not affected by the amendments in this ASC update. The updated guidance is to be applied on a retrospective basis and early adoption is permitted. The update is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASC update 2015-03 to have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2014-09, (Topic 606) Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This ASC was issued to clarify the principles for recognizing revenue. Insurance Contracts and financial instrument transactions are not within the scope of this updated guidance, and; therefore, only an insignificant amount of the Company’s revenue is subject to this updated guidance. The updated guidance is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

In August 2014, the FASB issued ASC update No. 2014-15, (Subtopic 205-40) Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern. This ASC update provides guidance on determining when and how to disclose going concern uncertainties in the financial statements, and requires management to perform interim and annual assessments of an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date the financial statements are issued. The updated guidance is effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016 and interim periods thereafter. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASC update 2014-15 to have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations.

3. Disposal of U.K. Motor Business

Effective June 30, 2015, the Company transferred its U.K. motor business to an unaffiliated U.K.-based insurance provider. The transaction was executed through a 100 percent reinsurance arrangement for prior claim liabilities and in-force policies written by this division and the sale of two entities associated with this business. Total consideration from the sale of the Chaucer subsidiaries was $64.9 million and the transaction resulted in a net gain of $40.3 million.

The components of the gain are as follows:

 

 

 

In connection with the reinsurance arrangement, insurance liabilities of approximately $443 million were ceded, including $137.4 million of written premiums, and approximately $419 million of investments, cash, and premiums receivable were transferred.  The $25 million difference between assets and liabilities equals the deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) balance associated with this business; hence, this transaction resulted in no net gain or loss. 

 

 

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4. Income Taxes

Income tax expense for the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014 has been computed using estimated annual effective tax rates. These rates are revised, if necessary, at the end of each successive interim period to reflect current estimates of the annual effective tax rates.

For the six months ended June 30, 2015, the tax provision is comprised of a $37.4 million U.S. federal income tax expense and a $16.4 million foreign income tax expense. For the six months ended June 30, 2014, the tax provision was comprised of a $24.7 million U.S. federal income tax expense and a $17.9 million foreign income tax expense. Income tax expense for the six months ended June 30, 2014 included a benefit of $4.4 million related to foreign exchange losses that was deductible on the Company’s 2013 U.S. tax return. This permanent tax item was not otherwise recognized in the Company’s U.S. GAAP financial statements.

Although most of the Company’s non–U.S. income is subject to U.S. federal income tax, a portion of its non–U.S. income is not subject to U.S. federal income tax until repatriated. Foreign taxes on this non–U.S. income are accrued at the local foreign tax rate, as opposed to the higher U.S. statutory rate, since these earnings currently are expected to be indefinitely reinvested overseas. This assumption could change as a result of a sale of the subsidiaries, the receipt of dividends from the subsidiaries, a change in management’s intentions, or as a result of various other events. The Company has not made a provision for U.S. taxes on $63.0 million and $5.6 million of non-U.S. income for the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. However, in the future, if all such earnings were distributed to the Company, taxes of $43.2 million would be payable on all such undistributed earnings from the current and prior years and would be reflected in the tax provision for the year in which these earnings are no longer intended to be indefinitely reinvested overseas, assuming all foreign tax credits are realized.

The Company or its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions, as well as foreign jurisdictions. The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations by tax authorities for years after 2010, U.S. state income tax examinations for years after 2006 and foreign examinations for years after 2011.

5. Debt

Debt consists of the following:

 

During the first half of 2015, the Company repurchased senior debentures maturing March 1, 2020, with a carrying value of $61.5 million at a cost of $78.2 million, resulting in a loss of $16.7 million, and senior debentures maturing October 15, 2025, with a carrying value of $6.5 million at a cost of $8.3 million, resulting in a loss of $1.8 million.  These losses are included in other operating expenses.

At June 30, 2015, the Company was in compliance with the covenants associated with its debt indentures and credit arrangements.

 

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6. Investments

A. Fixed maturities and equity securities

The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale fixed maturities and the cost and fair value of equity securities were as follows:

 

 

 

 

 

Other-than-temporary impairments (“OTTI”) unrealized losses in the tables above represent OTTI recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income. This amount excludes net unrealized gains on impaired securities relating to changes in the value of such securities subsequent to the impairment measurement date of $11.1 million and $12.3 million as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively.

The amortized cost and fair value by maturity periods for fixed maturities are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties, or the Company may have the right to put or sell the obligations back to the issuers.

 

 

 

 

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B. Securities in an unrealized loss position

The following tables provide information about the Company’s fixed maturities and equity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 including the length of time the securities have been in an unrealized loss position:

 

 

 

 

 

 

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The Company views gross unrealized losses on fixed maturities and equity securities as being temporary since it is its assessment that these securities will recover in the near term, allowing the Company to realize the anticipated long-term economic value. The Company employs a systematic methodology to evaluate declines in fair value below amortized cost for fixed maturity securities or cost for equity securities. In determining OTTI of fixed maturity and equity securities, the Company evaluates several factors and circumstances, including the issuer’s overall financial condition; the issuer’s credit and financial strength ratings; the issuer’s financial performance, including earnings trends, dividend payments and asset quality; any specific events which may influence the operations of the issuer; the general outlook for market conditions in the industry or geographic region in which the issuer operates; and the length of time and the degree to which the fair value of an issuer’s securities remains below the Company’s cost. With respect to fixed maturity investments, the Company considers any factors that might raise doubt about the issuer’s ability to make contractual payments as they come due and whether the Company expects to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. With respect to equity securities, the Company considers its ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time to allow for a recovery in value.

C. Other investments

In accordance with Lloyd’s operating guidelines, the Company deposits funds at Lloyd’s to support underwriting operations. These funds are available only to fund claim obligations. These assets consisted of approximately $387 million of fixed maturities and $106 million of cash and cash equivalents as of June 30, 2015. The Company also deposits funds with various state and governmental authorities in the U.S. For a discussion of the Company’s deposits with state and governmental authorities, see also Note 3 – “Investments” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014.

D. Proceeds from sales

The proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities and gross realized gains and losses on those sales, were as follows:

 

 

 

 

Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015 included proceeds of $379.6 million from the transfer of fixed maturity investments in connection with the sale and reinsurance of the U.K. motor business and related gross gains of $6.4 million and gross losses of $0.6 million.

E. Other-than-temporary impairments

For the three months ended June 30, 2015, total OTTI of fixed maturities was $5.1 million.  Of this amount, $1.9 million was recognized in earnings and the remaining $3.2 million was recorded as unrealized losses in accumulated other comprehensive income.  For the six months ended June 30, 2015, total OTTI of fixed maturities and equity securities were $11.4 million.  Of this amount, $4.6 million was recognized in earnings and the remaining $6.8 million was recorded as unrealized losses in accumulated other comprehensive income.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2014, OTTI of fixed maturities recognized in earnings was $0.1 million, which was transferred from unrealized losses in accumulated other comprehensive income.

The methodology and significant inputs used to measure the amount of credit losses on fixed maturities in 2015 were as follows:

Corporate bonds – the Company utilized a financial model that derives expected cash flows based on probability-of-default factors by credit rating and asset duration and loss-given-default factors based on security type.  These factors are based on historical data provided by an independent third-party rating agency.

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The following table provides rollforwards of the cumulative amounts related to the Company’s credit loss portion of the OTTI losses on fixed maturity securities for which the non-credit portion of the loss is included in other comprehensive income.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7. Fair Value

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability, i.e., exit price, in an orderly transaction between market participants. The Company emphasizes the use of observable market data whenever available in determining fair value. Fair values presented for certain financial instruments are estimates which, in many cases, may differ significantly from the amounts that could be realized upon immediate liquidation. A hierarchy of the three broad levels of fair value are as follows, with the highest priority given to Level 1 as these are the most observable, and the lowest priority given to Level 3:

Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data, including model-derived valuations.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity.

When more than one level of input is used to determine fair value, the financial instrument is classified as Level 2 or 3 according to the lowest level input that has a significant impact on the fair value measurement.

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments and have not changed since last year.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The carrying amount approximates fair value. Cash equivalents primarily consist of money market instruments, which are generally valued using unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible for identical assets and are classified as Level 1.

Fixed Maturities

Level 1 securities generally include U.S. Treasury issues and other securities that are highly liquid and for which quoted market prices are available. Level 2 securities are valued using pricing for similar securities and pricing models that incorporate observable inputs including, but not limited to yield curves and issuer spreads. Level 3 securities include issues for which little observable data can be obtained, primarily due to the illiquid nature of the securities, and for which significant inputs used to determine fair value are based on the Company’s own assumptions. Non-binding broker quotes are also included in Level 3.

The Company utilizes a third party pricing service for the valuation of the majority of its fixed maturity securities and receives one quote per security. When quoted market prices in an active market are available, they are provided by the pricing service as the fair value and such values are classified as Level 1. Since fixed maturities other than U.S. Treasury securities generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing service prepares estimates of fair value for those securities using pricing applications based on a market approach. Inputs into the fair value pricing common to all asset classes include: benchmark U.S. Treasury security yield curves; reported trades of identical or similar fixed maturity securities; broker/dealer quotes of identical or similar fixed maturity securities and structural characteristics such as maturity date, coupon, mandatory principal payment dates, frequency of interest and principal payments, and optional redemption features. Inputs into the fair value applications that are unique by asset class include, but are not limited to:

 

Generally, all prices provided by the pricing service, except actively traded securities with quoted market prices, are reported as Level 2.

The Company holds privately placed fixed maturity securities and certain other fixed maturity securities that do not have an active market and for which the pricing service cannot provide fair values. The Company determines fair values for these securities using either matrix pricing utilizing the market approach or broker quotes. The Company will use observable market data as inputs into the fair value applications, as discussed in the determination of Level 2 fair values, to the extent it is available, but is also required to use a certain amount of unobservable judgment due to the illiquid nature of the securities involved. Unobservable judgment reflected in the Company’s matrix model accounts for estimates of additional spread required by market participants for factors such as issue size, structural complexity, high bond coupon or other unique features. These matrix-priced securities are reported as Level 2 or Level 3, depending on the significance of the impact of unobservable judgment on the security’s value. Additionally, the Company may obtain non-binding broker quotes which are reported as Level 3.

Equity Securities

Level 1 consists of publicly traded securities, including exchange traded funds, valued at quoted market prices. Level 2 includes securities that are valued using pricing for similar securities and pricing models that incorporate observable inputs. Level 3 consists of common or preferred stock of private companies for which observable inputs are not available.

The Company utilizes a third party pricing service for the valuation of the majority of its equity securities and receives one quote for each equity security. When quoted market prices in an active market are available, they are provided by the pricing service as the fair value and such values are classified as Level 1. The Company holds certain equity securities that have been issued by privately-held entities that do not have an active market and for which the pricing service cannot provide fair values. Generally, the Company estimates fair value for these securities based on the issuer’s book value and market multiples. These securities are reported as Level 2 or Level 3 depending on the significance of the impact of unobservable judgment on the security’s value. Additionally, the company may obtain non-binding broker quotes which are reported as Level 3.

Other Investments

Other investments include mortgage participations and other mortgage loans, overseas trust funds required in connection with our Lloyd’s business and cost basis limited partnerships. Fair values of mortgage participations and other mortgage loans are estimated by discounting the contractual cash flows using the rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with comparable credit ratings and are reported as Level 3. Fair values of overseas trust funds are provided by the investment manager based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets and are reported as Level 2. The fair values of cost basis limited partnerships are based on the net asset value provided by the general partner and recent financial information and are reported as Level 3.

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Debt

The fair value of debt is estimated based on quoted market prices. If a quoted market price is not available, fair values are estimated using discounted cash flows that are based on current interest rates and yield curves for debt issuances with maturities and credit risks consistent with the debt being valued. Debt is reported as Level 2.

The estimated fair value of the financial instruments were as follows:

 

The Company has processes designed to ensure that the values received from its third party pricing service are accurately recorded, that the data inputs and valuation techniques utilized are appropriate and consistently applied and that the assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value. The Company performs a review of the fair value hierarchy classifications and of prices received from its pricing service on a quarterly basis. The Company reviews the pricing services’ policies describing its methodology, processes, practices and inputs, including various financial models used to value securities. Also, the Company reviews the portfolio pricing, including securities with changes in prices that exceed a defined threshold are verified to independent sources, if available. If upon review, the Company is not satisfied with the validity of a given price, a pricing challenge would be submitted to the pricing service along with supporting documentation for its review. The Company does not adjust quotes or prices obtained from the pricing service unless the pricing service agrees with the Company’s challenge. During 2015 and 2014, the Company did not adjust any prices received from brokers or its pricing service.

Changes in the observability of valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of certain financial assets or liabilities within the fair value hierarchy. Reclassifications between levels of the fair value hierarchy are reported as of the beginning of the period in which the reclassification occurs. As previously discussed, the Company utilizes a third party pricing service for the valuation of the majority of its fixed maturities and equity securities. The pricing service has indicated that it will only produce an estimate of fair value if there is objectively verifiable information to produce a valuation. If the pricing service discontinues pricing an investment, the Company will use observable market data to the extent it is available, but may also be required to make assumptions for market based inputs that are unavailable due to market conditions.

 

The following tables provide, for each hierarchy level, the Company’s assets that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

 

 

 

 

 

The following tables provide, for each hierarchy level, the Company’s estimated fair values of financial instruments that were not carried at fair value:

 

 

 

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The tables below provide a reconciliation for all assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3).

 

 

 

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During the three and six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, the Company transferred fixed maturities between Level 2 and Level 3 primarily as a result of assessing the significance of unobservable inputs on the fair value measurement. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the three months or six months ended June 30, 2015 or 2014.

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There were no Level 3 liabilities held by the Company for the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014. The following table summarizes changes in fair value that were recorded in net income for Level 3 assets:

 

 

The following table provides quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used by the Company in the fair value measurements of Level 3 assets. Where discounted cash flows were used in the valuation of fixed maturities, the internally-developed discount rate was adjusted by the significant unobservable inputs shown in the table. Valuations for securities based on broker quotes for which there was a lack of transparency as to inputs used to develop the valuations have been excluded.

 

Significant increases (decreases) in any of the above inputs in isolation would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. There were no interrelationships between these inputs which might magnify or mitigate the effect of changes in unobservable inputs on the fair value measurement.

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8. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

The components of net periodic pension cost for defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans included in the Company’s results of operations are as follows:  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In the second quarter of 2015, the Company recognized a $1.8 million benefit due to the disposal of the U.K. motor business. Included in the table above in recognized net actuarial loss was an equal and offsetting expense.

 

 

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9. Other Comprehensive Income

The following table provides changes in other comprehensive income.

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The amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income for the pension and postretirement benefits was allocated approximately 40% to loss adjustment expenses and 60% to other operating expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014.

 

 

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10. Segment Information

The Company’s primary business operations include insurance products and services provided through four operating segments. The domestic operating segments are Commercial Lines, Personal Lines and Other, and the Company’s international operating segment is Chaucer. Commercial Lines includes commercial multiple peril, commercial automobile, workers’ compensation, and other commercial coverages, such as specialty program business, inland marine, management and professional liability and surety. Personal Lines includes personal automobile, homeowners and other personal coverages. Chaucer includes marine and aviation, energy, property, U.K. motor, and casualty and other coverages (which includes international liability, specialist coverages, and syndicate participations). As a result of the aforementioned transfer of the Company’s U.K. motor business, results from the Chaucer segment will no longer include this business subsequent to June 30, 2015. Included in Other are Opus Investment Management, Inc., which markets investment management services to institutions, pension funds and other organizations; earnings on holding company assets; and, a discontinued voluntary pools business. The separate financial information is presented consistent with the way results are regularly evaluated by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance.

The Company reports interest expense related to debt separately from the earnings of its operating segments. This consists of interest on the Company’s senior debentures, subordinated debentures, collateralized borrowings with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston, and letter of credit facility. Management evaluates the results of the aforementioned segments based on operating income before taxes, which also excludes interest expense on debt. Operating income before taxes excludes certain items which are included in net income, such as net realized investment gains and losses (including net gains and losses on certain derivative instruments). Such gains and losses are excluded since they are determined by interest rates, financial markets and the timing of sales. Also, operating income before taxes excludes net gains and losses on disposals of businesses assets, gains and losses related to the repurchase of debt, discontinued operations, costs to acquire businesses, restructuring costs, the cumulative effect of accounting changes and certain other items. Although the items excluded from operating income before taxes may be important components in understanding and assessing the Company’s overall financial performance, management believes that the presentation of operating income before taxes enhances an investor’s understanding of the Company’s results of operations by highlighting net income attributable to the core operations of the business. However, operating income before taxes should not be construed as a substitute for income before income taxes and operating income should not be construed as a substitute for net income.

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Summarized below is financial information with respect to the Company’s business segments.

 

 

The Company recognized $10.9 million and $5.1 million in net foreign currency transaction gains in the Statements of Income during the three months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Company recognized $17.7 million and $5.8 million in net foreign currency transaction gains in the Statements of Income during the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

 

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The following table provides identifiable assets for the Company’s business segments and discontinued operations:

 

 

The Company reviews the assets of its U.S. Companies collectively and does not allocate them between the Commercial Lines, Personal Lines and Other segments.

 

11. Stock-based Compensation

As of June 30, 2015, there were 5,237,457 shares, 2,446,944 shares and 718,372 shares available for grant under The Hanover Insurance Group 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan, The Hanover Insurance Group 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and the Chaucer Share Incentive Plan, respectively.

Compensation cost for the Company’s stock-based awards and the related tax benefits were as follows:

Stock Options

Information on the Company’s stock option plans is summarized below.

 

 

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Restricted Stock Units

The following tables summarize activity information about employee restricted stock units:  

 

In the first six months of 2015 and 2014, the Company granted market-based awards totaling 80,738 and 56,625, respectively, to certain members of senior management, which are included in the table above as performance and market-based restricted stock activity. The vesting of these stock units is based on the relative total shareholder return (“TSR”) of the Company. This metric is generally based on relative TSR for a three-year period, as compared to a property and casualty index of selected competitor companies. The fair value of market-based awards was estimated at the date of grant using a valuation model. These units have the potential to range from 0% to 150% of the shares disclosed. Included in the amount granted above were 38,713 shares related to market-based awards that achieved a payout in excess of 100%, with 20,275 shares becoming vested in the first quarter of 2015 and the remaining 18,438 shares vesting in the first quarter of 2016 provided that the participant remains employed by the Company during the vesting period.

Performance-based restricted stock units are based upon the achievement of the performance metric at 100%. These units have the potential to range from 0% to 200% of the shares disclosed, which varies based on grant year and individual participation level. Increases above the 100% target level are reflected as granted in the period in which performance-based stock unit goals are achieved. Decreases below the 100% target level are reflected as forfeited. Included in the amounts granted above for the performance-based restricted stock units were 1,287 shares related to awards that a performance metric in excess of 100% was achieved. These awards vested in the first quarter of 2015.

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12. Earnings Per Share and Shareholders’ Equity Transactions

The following table provides weighted average share information used in the calculation of the Company’s basic and diluted earnings per share:  

Diluted earnings per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014 excludes 0.7 million of common shares issuable under the Company’s stock compensation plans, because their effect would be antidilutive.

The Company’s Board of Directors has authorized aggregate repurchases of the Company’s common stock of up to $600 million. As of June 30, 2015, the Company had  $93 million available for repurchases under these repurchase authorizations. Repurchases may be executed using open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, accelerated repurchase programs or other transactions. The Company is not required to purchase any specific number of shares or to make purchases by any certain date under this program. During the first six months of 2015, the Company purchased 0.3 million shares of the Company’s common stock at a cost of $23.5 million.

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13. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

Durand Litigation

On March 12, 2007, a putative class action suit captioned Jennifer A. Durand v. The Hanover Insurance Group, Inc., and The Allmerica Financial Cash Balance Pension Plan was filed in the United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky. The named plaintiff, a former employee who received a lump sum distribution from the Company’s Cash Balance Plan (the “Plan”) at or about the time of her termination, claims that she and others similarly situated did not receive the appropriate lump sum distribution because in computing the lump sum, the Company and the Plan understated the accrued benefit in the calculation. The plaintiff claims that the Plan underpaid her distributions and those of similarly situated participants by failing to pay an additional so-called “whipsaw” amount reflecting the present value of an estimate of future interest credits from the date of the lump sum distribution to each participant’s retirement age of 65.

The plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint adding two new named plaintiffs and additional claims on December 11, 2009. In response, the Company filed a Motion to Dismiss on January 30, 2010. In addition to the pending claim challenging the calculation of lump sum distributions, the Amended Complaint included: (a) a claim that the Plan failed to calculate participants’ account balances and lump sum payments properly because interest credits were based solely upon the performance of each participant’s selection from among various hypothetical investment options (as the Plan provided) rather than crediting the greater of that performance or the 30 year Treasury rate; (b) a claim that the 2004 Plan amendment, which changed interest crediting for all participants from the performance of participant’s investment selections to the 30 year Treasury rate, reduced benefits in violation of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) for participants who had account balances as of the amendment date by not continuing to provide them performance-based interest crediting on those balances; and (c) claims against the Company for breach of fiduciary duty and ERISA notice requirements arising from the various interest crediting and lump sum distribution matters of which plaintiffs complain. On March 31, 2011, the District Court granted the Company and the Plan’s Motion to Dismiss on statute of limitations grounds the additional claims set forth in (a) and (b) above, however, in response to a motion for reconsideration, the Court allowed the new breach of fiduciary duty claim to stand, but only as to plaintiffs’ “whipsaw” claim that remained in the case. On June 22, 2012, the Company and the Plan filed a Partial Motion for Summary Judgment to dismiss the “whipsaw” claim of one of the named plaintiffs who received his lump sum distribution after December 31, 2003. On October 2, 2013, the Court granted the Company and the Plan’s Partial Motion for Summary Judgment and dismissed with prejudice the “whipsaw” claim of the named plaintiff who received a lump sum distribution after December 31, 2003 and the similar claims of the putative class members he sought to represent. On December 17, 2013, the Court entered an order certifying a class to bring “whipsaw” and related breach of fiduciary duty claims consisting of all persons who received a lump sum distribution between March 1, 1997 and December 31, 2003, and a subclass to bring such claims consisting of all persons who received lump sum distributions between March 1, 1997 and March 12, 2002. On December 17, 2013, the Court also granted plaintiffs’ motion for entry of a final order allowing an immediate appeal by the two named plaintiffs added in the Amended Complaint of their dismissed claims that the 2004 Plan amendment reduced benefits in violation of ERISA, and for one of them, that his post-2003 lump sum distribution should have been greater. On January 14, 2014, the Company filed a Motion to Alter or Amend the Court’s December 17, 2013 Order requesting that the Court reverse its order making the dismissed claims final and appealable or, in the alternative, stay merits discovery on the claims remaining in the district court pending resolution of the dismissed plaintiffs’ appeal. The Court denied this motion on April 30, 2014. The appeal of the dismissal of the claims of the two named plaintiffs added in the Amended Complaint was filed on May 30, 2014. Oral argument on the appeal took place on June 11, 2015 and the Company awaits the Court’s decision. The Company filed a Summary Judgment motion to dismiss another class of plaintiffs that were added with the Amended Complaint. Plaintiffs have objected to this motion pending the outcome of the foregoing appeal.

At this time, the Company is unable to provide a reasonable estimate of the potential range of ultimate liability if the outcome of the suit is unfavorable. The extent to which any of the plaintiffs’ multiple theories of liability, some of which are overlapping and others of which are quite complex and novel, are accepted and upheld on appeal will significantly affect the Plan’s or the Company’s potential liability. The statute of limitations applicable to the class has not yet been finally determined and the extent of potential liability, if any, will depend on this final determination. In addition, assuming for these purposes that the plaintiffs prevail with respect to claims that benefits accrued or payable under the Plan were understated, then there are numerous possible theories and other variables upon which any revised calculation of benefits as requested under plaintiffs’ claims could be based. Any adverse judgment in this case against the Plan would be expected to create a liability for the Plan, with resulting effects on the Plan’s assets available to pay benefits. The Company’s future required funding of the Plan could also be impacted by such a liability.

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Other Matters

The Company has been named a defendant in various other legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. In addition, the Company is involved, from time to time, in examinations, investigations and proceedings by governmental and self-regulatory agencies. The potential outcome of any such action or regulatory proceedings in which the Company has been named a defendant or the subject of an inquiry or investigation, and its ultimate liability, if any, from such action or regulatory proceedings, is difficult to predict at this time. The ultimate resolutions of such proceedings are not expected to have a material effect on its financial position, although they could have a material effect on the results of operations for a particular quarter or annual period.

Residual Markets

The Company is required to participate in residual markets in various states, which generally pertain to high risk insureds, disrupted markets or lines of business or geographic areas where rates are regarded as excessive. The results of the residual markets are not subject to the predictability associated with the Company’s own managed business, and are significant to both the personal and commercial automobile lines of business, the workers’ compensation line of business, and the homeowners line of business.

14. Subsequent Events

There were no subsequent events requiring adjustment to the financial statements and no additional disclosures required in the notes to the interim consolidated financial statements.

 

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PART I

ITEM 2 

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Introduction

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is intended to assist readers in understanding the interim consolidated results of operations and financial condition of The Hanover Insurance Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“THG”). Consolidated results of operations and financial condition are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). This discussion should be read in conjunction with the interim consolidated financial statements and related footnotes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contained in our 2014 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 24, 2015.

Results of operations include the accounts of The Hanover Insurance Company (“Hanover Insurance”) and Citizens Insurance Company of America (“Citizens”), our principal U.S. domiciled property and casualty companies; Chaucer Holdings Limited (“Chaucer”), our United Kingdom (U.K.) domiciled specialist insurance underwriting group which operates through the Society and Corporation of Lloyd’s (“Lloyd’s”); and certain other insurance and non-insurance subsidiaries. Results of operations include our discontinued operations, consisting primarily of our former life insurance businesses, and our accident and health business.

Executive Overview

Business operations consist of four operating segments: Commercial Lines, Personal Lines, Chaucer and Other.

Operating income before interest expense and income taxes was $219.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $187.2 million in the same period in 2014, an increase of $32.4 million. This increase is due to a lower expense ratio, higher net investment income, higher favorable development on prior years’ loss and loss adjustment expense (“LAE”) reserves (“prior years’ loss reserves”) and lower catastrophe losses in the first six months of 2015. Favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves was $53.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to favorable development of $48.9 million during the same period of 2014. Pre-tax catastrophe losses were $108.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $113.6 million during the same period of 2014. 

Effective June 30, 2015, we transferred our U.K. motor business to an unaffiliated U.K.-based insurance provider. The transaction was executed through a 100 percent reinsurance arrangement for prior claim liabilities and in-force policies written by this division and the sale of two entities associated with this business. Total consideration from the sale of Chaucer subsidiaries was $64.9 million and the transaction resulted in a non-operating net gain of $40.3 million.

Pricing in our Commercial and Personal Lines remains favorable as we continue to respond to increased weather-related losses over recent years, as well as to the earnings impact of reduced investment income as a result of low interest rates, and other factors. We are continuing efforts to improve our underwriting results in both our Commercial and Personal Lines, through rate increases and improvements to our mix of business. At Chaucer, we continue to experience competitive pressure on rates in 2015. In response to these challenging market conditions, we continue to actively manage Chaucer’s underwriting portfolio, using our expertise, distinctive underwriting capabilities and market knowledge to target specific attractive underwriting opportunities.

Commercial Lines

We believe our unique approach to the small commercial market, distinctiveness in the middle market, and continued development of specialty lines provides us with a diversified portfolio of products and delivers significant value to agents and policyholders. The small commercial and middle market businesses are expected to contribute to premium growth in Commercial Lines over the next several years as we continue to pursue our core strategy of developing strong partnerships with agents, distinctive products, franchise value through limited distribution, and industry segmentation. Growth in our specialty lines continues to be an important part of our strategy.

We believe these efforts have driven, and will continue to drive, improvement in our overall mix of business and ultimately our underwriting profitability. Commercial Lines net premiums written grew by 6.5% in the first six months of 2015, driven by both our core commercial and specialty businesses. This growth is primarily due to rate and exposure increases, increased retention and targeted new business expansion.

Underwriting results improved in the first six months of 2015, as compared to the same period in 2014, due to improved loss performance and a lower expense ratio. The competitive nature of the Commercial Lines market requires us to be highly disciplined in our underwriting process to ensure that we write business at acceptable margins, and we continue to seek rate increases across our lines of business.

 

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Personal Lines

Personal Lines focuses on partnering with high quality, value-oriented agencies that deliver consultative selling and stress the importance of account rounding (the conversion of single policy customers to accounts with multiple policies and additional coverages). Approximately 79% of our policies in force are account business. We are focused on making investments that help maintain profitability, build a distinctive position in the market, help diversify us geographically from our historical core states of Michigan, Massachusetts, New York and New Jersey, and provide us with profitable growth opportunities.

Underwriting results improved in the first six months of 2015, as compared to the same period in 2014. Improved current accident year loss results excluding catastrophe losses, and to a lesser extent, an improved expense ratio, contributed to this favorable result. We continue to seek rate increases in excess of underlying loss cost trends, subject to regulatory and competitive considerations.

Chaucer

Chaucer deploys specialist underwriters in over 30 major insurance and reinsurance classes, including energy, marine and aviation, property, casualty and other coverages. We obtain business through Lloyd’s, the leading international insurance and reinsurance market, which provides us with access to specialist business in over 200 countries and territories worldwide through its international licenses, brand reputation and strong security rating. Our underwriting strength, diverse portfolio and Lloyd’s membership underpin our ability to actively manage the scale, composition and profitable development of this business.

Underwriting results improved in the first six months of 2015, as compared to the same period in 2014, primarily due to favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves, lower catastrophe losses, and a lower expense ratio, partially offset by higher large loss activity in our energy line. Excluding the impact of the aforementioned transfer of the U.K. motor business, Chaucer net premiums written declined by 4% in the first six months of 2015, primarily due to the impact of foreign exchange rate movements and lower volumes in our U.K. motor line. Net premiums written were also affected by lower volumes in the marine line, partially offset by the impact of a reinsurance to close (“RITC”) transaction in the first quarter, and growth in our specialist liability line. Pursuant to the U.K. motor transaction, Chaucer transferred $137.4 million of premiums written, resulting in an overall decrease in net premiums written in the first half of 2015 of 24%. The transfer of premiums written had no impact on net premiums earned.

Chaucer has continued to experience overall downward pressure on rates during 2015. Rates in the marine, energy, property and casualty markets remained under pressure during the first half of 2015 due to high industry capacity, and a continued absence of major losses. In response to these challenging market conditions, we continue to actively manage Chaucer’s underwriting portfolio, using our expertise, distinctive underwriting capabilities and market knowledge to target specific attractive underwriting opportunities.

Description of Operating Segments

Primary business operations include insurance products and services currently provided through four operating segments. Our domestic operating segments are Commercial Lines, Personal Lines, and Other. Our international operating segment is Chaucer. Commercial Lines includes commercial multiple peril, commercial automobile, workers’ compensation and other commercial coverages, such as specialty program business, inland marine, management and professional liability and surety. Personal Lines includes personal automobile, homeowners and other personal coverages. Chaucer includes marine and aviation, energy, property, U.K. motor, and casualty and other coverages (which includes international liability, specialist coverages, and syndicate participations). As a result of the aforementioned transfer of our U.K. motor business, results from our Chaucer segment will no longer include this business subsequent to June 30, 2015. Included in the “Other” segment are Opus Investment Management, Inc., which markets investment management services to institutions, pension funds and other organizations; earnings on holding company assets; and, a discontinued voluntary pools business. We present the separate financial information of each segment consistent with the manner in which our chief operating decision maker evaluates results in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance.

We report interest expense on debt separately from the earnings of our operating segments. This consists of interest on our senior debentures, subordinated debentures, collateralized borrowings with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston (“FHLBB”), and letter of credit facility.

 

 

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Results of Operations – Consolidated

Consolidated net income for the three months ended June 30, 2015 was $120.7 million, compared to $82.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014. The increase of $38.1 million is primarily due to the $40.3 million net gain on the disposal of our U.K. motor business. Additionally, consolidated net income for the three months ended June 30, 2015 included higher operating income due to a lower expense ratio, lower catastrophe losses and higher investment income, partially offset by higher ex-catastrophe current accident year losses. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in net realized investment gains.

Consolidated net income for the six months ended June 30, 2015 was $175.6 million, compared to $137.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014. The increase of $38.4 million is primarily due to the gain on the disposal of our U.K. motor business. Additionally, consolidated net income for the six months ended June 30, 2015 included higher operating income due to a lower expense ratio, higher investment income, increased favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves and lower catastrophe losses. These increases were partially offset by a net loss from the repurchase of debt.

In addition to consolidated net income, we assess our financial performance based upon pre-tax “operating income,” and we assess the operating performance of each of our four operating segments based upon the pre-tax operating income (loss) generated by each segment. Operating income before taxes excludes interest expense on debt and certain other items which we believe are not indicative of our core operations, such as net realized investment gains and losses (including net gains and losses on certain derivative instruments). Such gains and losses are excluded since they are determined by interest rates, financial markets and the timing of sales. Also, operating income before taxes excludes net gains and losses on disposals of businesses, gains and losses related to the repurchase of debt, discontinued operations, costs to acquire businesses, restructuring costs, the cumulative effect of accounting changes and certain other items. Although the items excluded from operating income before taxes may be important components in understanding and assessing our overall financial performance, we believe a discussion of operating income before taxes enhances an investor’s understanding of our results of operations by highlighting net income attributable to the core operations of the business. However, operating income before taxes should not be construed as a substitute for income before income taxes and operating income should not be construed as a substitute for net income.

Catastrophe losses and prior years’ reserve development are significant components in understanding and assessing the financial performance of our business. Management reviews and evaluates catastrophes and prior years’ reserve development separately from the other components of earnings. Catastrophes and prior years’ reserve development are not predictable as to timing or the amount that will affect the results of our operations and have affected our results in past years. Management believes that providing certain financial metrics and trends excluding the effects of catastrophes and prior years’ reserve development helps investors to understand the variability in periodic earnings and to evaluate the underlying performance of our operations.

The following table reflects operating income for each operating segment and a reconciliation of operating income to consolidated net income.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Results of Operations – Segments

The following is our discussion and analysis of the results of operations by business segment. The operating results are presented before interest expense, taxes and other items which management believes are not indicative of our core operations, including realized gains and losses.

The following table summarizes the results of operations for the periods indicated:

Three Months Ended June 30, 2015 Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2014 

Operating income before interest expense and income taxes was $119.4 million in the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $102.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $17.2 million, or 16.8%. This increase was primarily due to a  lower expense ratio, lower catastrophe losses and higher investment income, partially offset by higher ex-catastrophe current accident year losses. Catastrophe related activity in the quarter was $46.5 million, compared to $55.7 million in the same period of 2014, a decrease of $9.2 million. Favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves was $28.6 million in the quarter, compared to favorable development of $29.2 million in the same period in 2014, a decrease of $0.6 million. Higher ex-catastrophe current accident year losses in the Chaucer segment, primarily due to large loss activity in the energy line, were partially offset by current accident year improvements in both the Commercial and Personal Lines segments.

Excluding the impact of the aforementioned transfer of the U.K motor business, net premiums written grew by $17.2 million in the three months ended June 30, 2015 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2014. This growth was primarily a result of rate increases and increased retention in Commercial Lines. Pursuant to the U.K. motor transaction, Chaucer transferred $137.4 million of premiums written, resulting in an overall decrease in net premiums written for the three months ended June 30, 2015 of $120.2 million.

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Production and Underwriting Results

The following table summarizes premiums written on a gross and net basis, net premiums earned and loss, LAE, expense and combined ratios for the Commercial Lines, Personal Lines and Chaucer segments. Loss, LAE, catastrophe loss and combined ratios shown below include prior year reserve development. These items are not meaningful for our Other segment.  

 

 

 

 

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The following table summarizes net premiums written, and loss and LAE and catastrophe loss ratios by line of business for the Commercial Lines and Personal Lines segments. Loss and LAE and catastrophe loss ratios include prior year reserve development.  

 

 

 The following table summarizes premiums written on a gross and net basis and net premiums earned by line of business for the Chaucer segment.

 

 

 

The following table summarizes underwriting results for the Commercial Lines, Personal Lines, Chaucer and Other segments and reconciles it to operating income.  

 

 

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Commercial Lines

Commercial Lines net premiums written were $569.1 million in the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $541.0 million in the three months ended June 30, 2014. This $28.1 million increase was primarily driven by pricing increases, increased retention and targeted new business expansion.

Commercial Lines underwriting profit for the three months ended June 30, 2015 was $8.5 million, compared to $7.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $1.2 million. Catastrophe-related losses for the three months ended June 30, 2015 were $23.2 million, compared to $17.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $6.2 million. Unfavorable development on prior years’ loss reserves for the three months ended June 30, 2015 was $6.0 million, compared to $1.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $4.2 million.

Commercial Lines current accident year underwriting profit, excluding catastrophes, was $37.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $26.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014. This $11.6 million improvement was primarily due to improved loss performance that resulted from our pricing and underwriting actions and to a lower expense ratio.

Pricing in Commercial Lines continues to be favorable as we, and others in the industry, react to reduced investment yields as a result of low interest rates, elevated loss trends in commercial automobile liability lines, recent weather-related losses, and other factors. In the past several years, weather-related catastrophe and non-catastrophe losses have been in excess of longer term averages. We continue to monitor these trends and consider them in our rate actions. We are continuing efforts to improve our underwriting results, including through increased rates; however, our ability to increase Commercial Lines net premiums written while maintaining or improving underwriting results may be affected by price competition and the challenging economic environment.

Personal Lines

Personal Lines net premiums written were $378.3 million in the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $370.8 million in the three months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $7.5 million. This was due primarily to increased rates in both our personal automobile and homeowners lines of business and improved retention.

Net premiums written in the personal automobile line of business for the three months ended June 30, 2015 were $232.9 million compared to $227.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $5.6 million. This was primarily due to rate increases, which offset  a decline in policies in force of 1.7%. Net premiums written in the homeowners line of business for the three months ended June 30, 2015 were $135.1 million compared to $132.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $2.4 million. This is attributable to rate increases which offset a decline in policies in force of 1.8%. The declines in policies in force in the personal automobile and homeowners lines were principally attributable to our exposure management actions over the last 12 months.

Personal Lines underwriting profit for the three months ended June 30, 2015 was $13.0 million, compared to $3.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $9.4 million. Catastrophe losses for the three months ended June 30, 2015 were $20.9 million, compared to $27.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, a decrease of $6.3 million. Favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves for the three months ended June 30, 2015 was $1.9 million, compared to $2.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, a decrease of $0.3 million.

Personal Lines current accident year underwriting profit, excluding catastrophes, was $32.0 million in the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $28.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014. This $3.4 million improvement was primarily a result of our ongoing pricing and underwriting actions and due to a lower expense ratio, partially offset by the emergence of first quarter winter weather losses.

Although we have been able to obtain rate increases in our Personal Lines markets and believe that our ability to obtain these increases will continue, our ability to maintain Personal Lines net premiums written and to maintain and improve underwriting results may be affected by price competition, recent years’ weather-related losses, and regulatory and legal developments. We monitor these trends and consider them in rate actions.

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Chaucer

Chaucer’s net premiums written were $346.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015 excluding the impact of the aforementioned transfer of the U.K. motor business, compared to $364.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014. This decline of $18.4 million was primarily due to the impact of foreign exchange rate movements and lower volumes in the U.K. motor line. Net premiums written were also affected by lower volumes in the energy line, partially offset by an increase in the property line. For the three months ended June 30, 2014, the property line net premiums written included a non-recurring cancellation of a large individual policy. Pursuant to the U.K. motor transaction, Chaucer transferred $137.4 million of premiums written, resulting in an overall decrease in net premiums written of $155.8 million in the period. Including this transfer, net premiums written were $208.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015 compared to $364.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014. 

Chaucer’s underwriting profit for the three months ended June 30, 2015 was $27.5 million, compared to $24.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, an improvement of $3.2 million. Catastrophe losses for the three months ended June 30, 2015 were $2.4 million, compared to $11.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, a decrease of $9.1 million. Favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves for the three months ended June 30, 2015 was $33.0 million, compared to $29.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $3.8 million. 

Chaucer’s current accident year underwriting loss, excluding catastrophes, was $3.1 million in the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to a profit of $6.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014. This $9.7 million decline was primarily due to  large loss activity in the energy line, partially offset by a lower expense ratio.

We continue to experience significant competition across the international insurance industry. Current pricing conditions in marine, energy, and property continue to be affected by an absence of major industry losses, by new capital from a variety of sources and high levels of competition. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain adequate rates in light of economic and regulatory conditions in our markets.  In addition, effective June 30, 2015, we transferred our U.K. motor business to an unaffiliated U.K.-based insurance provider. See also Part I - Note 3 “Disposal of U.K. Motor Business” in the Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other

Other operating loss was $2.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $2.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of 0.1 million.

Six months ended June 30, 2015 Compared to Six months ended June 30, 2014

Operating income before interest expense and income taxes was $219.6 million in the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $187.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $32.4 million. This increase was primarily due to a lower expense ratio, higher investment income, increased favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves and lower catastrophe losses. Additionally, current accident year improvements in both Commercial and Personal Lines were partially offset by higher current accident year losses in the Chaucer segment, primarily due to large loss activity in the energy line. Favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves was $53.8 million in the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to favorable development of $48.9 million in the same period in 2014, an increase of $4.9 million. Catastrophe-related activity for the six months ended June 30, 2015 was $108.8 million, compared to $113.6 million in the same period of 2014, a decrease of $4.8 million. 

Excluding the impact of the aforementioned transfer of the U.K. motor business, net premiums written grew by $60.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 2015 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2014. This growth was primarily a result of rate increases and increased retention in the Commercial Lines segment. Pursuant to the U.K. motor transaction, Chaucer transferred $137.4 million of premiums written, resulting in an overall decrease in net premiums written in the six months ended June 30, 2015 of $77.4 million.

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Production and Underwriting Results

The following table summarizes premiums written on a gross and net basis, net premiums earned and loss, LAE, expense and combined ratios for the Commercial Lines, Personal Lines and Chaucer segments. Loss, LAE, catastrophe loss and combined ratios shown below include prior year reserve development. These items are not meaningful for our Other segment.

 

 

The following table summarizes net premiums written, and loss and LAE and catastrophe loss ratios by line of business for the Commercial Lines and Personal Lines segments. Loss and LAE and catastrophe loss ratios include prior year reserve development.

 

 

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The following table summarizes premiums written on a gross and net basis and net premiums earned by line of business for the Chaucer segment.

 

The following table summarizes underwriting results for the Commercial Lines, Personal Lines, Chaucer and Other segments and reconciles it to operating income.

 

 

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Commercial Lines

Commercial Lines net premiums written were $1,151.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $1,080.3 million in the six months ended June 30, 2014. This $70.7 million increase was primarily driven by pricing increases, increased retention, and targeted new business expansion.

Commercial Lines underwriting profit for the six months ended June 30, 2015 was $2.6 million, compared to a loss of $14.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, an improvement of $16.6 million. Catastrophe-related losses for the six months ended June 30, 2015 were $57.1 million, compared to $57.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, a decrease of $0.1 million. Unfavorable development on prior years’ loss reserves for the six months ended June 30, 2015 was $6.9 million, compared to $2.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $4.5 million.

Commercial Lines current accident year underwriting profit, excluding catastrophes, was $66.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $45.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014. This $21.0 million improvement was primarily due to improved loss performance in all major lines of business that resulted from our pricing and underwriting actions and to a lower expense ratio.

Personal Lines

Personal Lines net premiums written were $704.7 million in the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $690.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $14.7 million. This was due primarily to increased rates in both of the personal automobile and homeowners lines of business, increased new business volume and improved retention.

Net premiums written in the personal automobile line of business for the six months ended June 30, 2015 were $449.2 million compared to $439.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $10.1 million. This increase was primarily due to rate increases offset by a decline in policies in force of 1.7%. Net premiums written in the homeowners line of business for the six months ended June 30, 2015 were $237.1 million compared to $231.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $5.4 million. This is attributable to rate increases which offset a decline in policies in force of 1.8%. The declines in policies in force in the personal automobile and homeowners lines were principally attributable to our exposure management actions over the last 12 months.

Personal Lines underwriting profit for the six months ended June 30, 2015 was $16.4 million, compared to $5.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $10.7 million. Favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves for the six months ended June 30, 2015 was $4.1 million, compared to $3.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $0.9 million. Catastrophe losses for the six months ended June 30, 2015 were $46.4 million, compared to $45.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $0.8 million.

Personal Lines current accident year underwriting profit, excluding catastrophes, was $58.7 million in the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $48.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014. This $10.6 million improvement was primarily a result of our ongoing pricing and underwriting actions in both lines of business and to a lower expense ratio.

Chaucer

Chaucer’s net premiums written were $652.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015 excluding the impact of the aforementioned transfer of the U.K. motor business, compared to $678.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014. This decline of $25.4 was primarily due the impact of foreign exchange rate movements and lower volumes in our U.K. motor line. Net premiums written were also affected by lower volumes in the marine line, partially offset by the impact of a reinsurance to close (“RITC”) transaction, and growth in our specialist liability line. Results for the six months ended June 30, 2015 include a first quarter RITC transaction that had no impact on net income. The RITC transaction resulted in additional assumed premiums and loss and LAE reserves of $17.4 million, representing the increase in Chaucer’s retained group share of its 2012 year of account that was closed and reinsured to its 2013 year of account. The prior year’s RITC transaction in our results for the six months ended June 30, 2014 also had no impact on net income and the impact on net premiums written was not significant. Pursuant to the U.K. motor transaction, Chaucer transferred $137.4 million of premiums written, resulting in an overall decrease in net premiums written of $162.8 million in the period. Including this transfer, net premiums written were $515.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015 compared to $678.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014.

Chaucer’s underwriting profit for the six months ended June 30, 2015 was $63.1 million, compared to $60.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, an improvement of $2.3 million. Catastrophe losses for the six months ended June 30, 2015 were $5.3 million, compared to $10.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, a decrease of $5.5 million. Favorable development on prior years’ loss reserves for the six months ended June 30, 2015 was $57.2 million, compared to $48.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $8.4 million.

Chaucer’s current accident year underwriting profit, excluding catastrophes, was $11.2 million in the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $22.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014. This $11.6 million decline was primarily due to higher large losses in the energy line, partially offset by lower losses in the marine and aviation lines and a lower expense ratio.

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Other

Other operating loss was $5.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $4.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of 0.7 million.

Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

The table below provides a reconciliation of the gross beginning and ending reserve for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses.

 

The table below summarizes the gross reserve for losses and LAE by line of business.  

 

 

 

Other lines are primarily comprised of our general liability, professional and management liability, umbrella, marine, surety, voluntary pools, and healthcare lines. Included in the above table, primarily in other lines, are $59.4 million and $60.6 million of asbestos and environmental reserves as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively. Included in the Chaucer segment in the above table are $198.7 million and $203.3 million of reserves as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively, related to Chaucer’s financial and professional liability lines written in 2008 and prior periods.

 

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Prior Year Development

Loss and LAE reserves for claims occurring in prior years developed favorably by $53.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015 compared to favorable development of $48.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014.

The primary drivers of reserve development for the six months ended June 30, 2015 were as follows:

Partially offsetting the favorable development discussed above was the following:

The primary drivers of reserve development for the six months ended June 30, 2014 were as follows:

Partially offsetting the favorable development discussed above were the following:

It is not possible to know whether the factors that affected loss reserves in the first half of 2015 will also occur in future periods. As discussed in detail in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014, there are inherent uncertainties in estimating reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses. We encourage you to read our Form 10-K for more information about our reserving process and the judgments, uncertainties and risks associated therewith.

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Investments

Investment Results

Net investment income before taxes increased $3.7 million, or 5.5%, to $70.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015, and $6.8 million, or 5.1%, to $140.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The increase in both periods was primarily due to additional income resulting from the investment of higher operational cash flows, investing in higher yielding asset classes, such as limited partnerships and commercial mortgage loan participations, and to lower investment expenses. These increases were partially offset by the impact of lower new money yields. Average pre-tax earned yields on fixed maturities were 3.60% and 3.74% for the three months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and 3.61% and 3.76% for the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. We expect average fixed maturity investment yields to continue to decline as new money rates remain lower than embedded book yields.

Investment Portfolio

We held cash and investment assets diversified across several asset classes, as follows:

 

 

 

Cash and Investments

Total cash and investments decreased $330.0 million, or 3.8%, for the six months ended June 30, 2015 primarily as a result of the sale of our U.K. motor business.  Fixed maturities decreased $543.1 million due to dispositions of $384.5 million related to the sale of the U.K. motor business and from market value depreciation of $68.4 million. Cash increased $210.4 million primarily due to proceeds  generated by fixed maturity sales and positive operational cash flows, partially offset by the funding of various financing activities, including the repurchase of our senior debt at a cost of $86.5 million.

Our fixed maturity portfolio is comprised of corporate securities, taxable and tax-exempt municipal securities, residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities, U.S. government securities, foreign government securities and asset-backed securities. Equity securities primarily consist of developed market equity index exchange traded funds and income-oriented large capitalization common stocks.

The following table provides information about the investment types of our fixed maturities portfolio:

 

 

 

 

Net unrealized gains on fixed maturities decreased $68.4 million, or 29.4%, to $164.0 million at June 30, 2015, compared to $232.4 million at December 31, 2014, primarily due to widening of credit spreads, and to a lesser extent,  higher prevailing interest rates. 

Amortized cost and fair value by rating category were as follows:

 

 

 

Based on ratings by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”), approximately 94% of the fixed maturity portfolio consisted of investment grade securities at June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014. The quality of our fixed maturity portfolio remains strong based on ratings, capital structure position, support through guarantees, underlying security, issuer diversification and yield curve position.

Our fixed maturity and equity securities are classified as available-for-sale and are carried at fair value. Financial instruments whose value was determined using significant management judgment or estimation constituted less than 1% of the total assets we measured at fair value. (See also Note 7 – “Fair Value” in the Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements).

Other investments consisted primarily of participations in commercial mortgage loan obligations and overseas deposits. Commercial mortgage loan participations represent our interest in commercial mortgage loans originated by a third party. We share, on a pro-rata basis, in all related cash flows of the underlying mortgage loans, which are investment-grade quality and diversified by geographic area and property type. Overseas deposits are U.S. dollar and foreign-denominated investments maintained in overseas funds and managed exclusively by Lloyd’s. These funds are required in order to protect policyholders in overseas markets and enable Chaucer to operate in those markets. Access to those funds is restricted, and we have no control over the investment strategy. Also included in other investments were investments in limited partnerships.

Although we expect to invest new funds primarily in investment grade fixed maturities, we have invested, and expect to continue to invest, a portion of funds in common equity securities, below investment grade fixed maturities and other assets.

Other-than-Temporary Impairments

For the three months ended June 30, 2015, we recognized in earnings $1.9 million of other-than-temporary impairments (“OTTI”) on debt securities, of which $1.7 million related to the estimated credit losses on bonds in the energy sector.  For the six months ended June 30, 2015, we recognized in earnings $4.6 million of OTTI on debt and equity securities. OTTI on debt securities included an estimated $2.7 million of credit losses on bonds in the energy sector and $0.8 million on a municipal bond that we intend to sell. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2014, OTTI recognized in earnings was $0.1 million.

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Unrealized Losses

The following table provides information about our fixed maturities and equity securities that were in an unrealized loss position including the length of time the securities have been in an unrealized loss position. (See also Note 6 – ‘‘Investments’’ in the Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.)  

 

 

 

 

Gross unrealized losses at June 30, 2015 increased $16.5 million compared to December 31, 2014, primarily attributable to wider credit spreads, and to a lesser extent, higher prevailing interest rates. At June 30, 2015, gross unrealized losses on fixed maturities consisted primarily of $39.9 million of corporate fixed maturities, $5.0 million in municipal securities, $4.1 million of U.S. Treasury and government agency securities, $4.0 million of residential mortgage-backed securities, $2.7 million of foreign government securities and $2.0 million of commercial mortgage-backed securities.

We view gross unrealized losses on fixed maturities and equity securities as temporary since it is our assessment that these securities will recover in the near term, allowing us to realize their anticipated long-term economic value. With respect to gross unrealized losses on fixed maturities, we do not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not we will be required to sell, such debt securities before this expected recovery of amortized cost (See also “Liquidity and Capital Resources”). With respect to equity securities, we have the intent and ability to retain such investments for the period of time anticipated to allow for this expected recovery in fair value. Inherent in our assessment are the risks that, subsequent to the balance sheet date, market factors may differ from our expectations; the global economic recovery is less robust than we expect or reverts to recessionary trends; we may decide to subsequently sell a security for unforeseen business needs; or changes in the credit assessment or equity characteristics from our original assessment may lead us to determine that a sale at the current value would maximize recovery on such investments. To the extent that there are such adverse changes, an OTTI would be recognized as a realized loss. Although unrealized losses are not reflected in the results of financial operations until they are realized or deemed “other-than-temporary,” the fair value of the underlying investment, which does reflect the unrealized loss, is reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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The following table sets forth gross unrealized losses for fixed maturities by maturity period and for equity securities at June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without call or prepayment penalties, or we may have the right to put or sell the obligations back to the issuers.

 

 

 

The carrying values of fixed maturity securities on non-accrual status at June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 were not material. The effects of non-accruals, compared with amounts that would have been recognized in accordance with the original terms of the fixed maturities, were reductions in net investment income of $0.4 million and $1.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Any defaults in the fixed maturities portfolio in future periods may negatively affect investment income.

Our investment portfolio and shareholders’ equity can be significantly impacted by changes in market values of our securities. Market volatility could increase and defaults on fixed income securities could occur. As a result, we could incur additional realized and unrealized losses in future periods, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and/or financial position.

Monetary policies in the developed economies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are supportive of moderate economic growth, while fiscal policies are more divergent and subject to change. In the United States, the Federal Reserve (the “Fed”) is expected to continue to provide forward guidance to keep rates relatively stable even as the economy strengthens. The Fed has communicated that the timing of interest rate increases will depend on progress toward its goals of maximum employment and 2 percent inflation, which are expected over the medium term as the labor market improves further and the temporary effects of earlier declines in energy and import prices dissipate. Geopolitical risks and equity market volatility can also impact the movement of U.S. Treasury interest rates. 

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While the United States has reduced its extraordinary measures, other major central banks, such as the Bank of England, the European Central Bank, Bank of Canada and the Bank of Japan, continue with their stimulus policies as they seek higher growth and confront inflation and inflation expectations running below target. The removal, modification or suggestion of changes in these policies could have an adverse effect on prevailing market interest rates and on issuers’ level of business activity or liquidity, increasing the probability of future defaults. While we may experience defaults on fixed income securities, particularly with respect to non-investment grade debt securities, it is difficult to foresee which issuers, industries or markets will be affected. As a result, the value of our fixed maturity portfolio could change rapidly in ways we cannot currently anticipate, and we could incur additional realized and unrealized losses in future periods.

 

Other Items

Income from continuing operations, net of taxes also included the following items:

 

 

 

 

 

Effective June 30, 2015, we transferred our U.K. motor business to an unaffiliated U.K.-based insurance provider which resulted in the recognition of a $40.3 million gain, net of tax, during the second quarter. See also Part I – Note 3 “Disposal of U.K. Motor Business” in the Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

We manage investment assets for our Commercial Lines, Personal Lines, and Other segments based on the requirements of our U.S. combined property and casualty companies. We allocate the investment income, expenses and realized gains and losses to our Commercial Lines, Personal Lines and Other segments based on actuarial information related to the underlying businesses. We manage investment assets separately for our Chaucer segment.

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Net realized gains on investments were $12.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015 compared to $22.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014. Net realized gains in 2015 were primarily due to $14.4 million of gains recognized from the sale of securities, partially offset by $1.9 of OTTI losses. Net realized gains in 2014 were primarily due to $21.5 million of gains recognized from the sale of equities, including a $20.2 million gain on a single equity investment acquired with Chaucer.

Net realized gains on investments were $22.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015 compared to $26.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014. Net realized gains in 2015 were primarily due to $26.4 million of gains recognized from the sale of securities, principally equities, partially offset by $4.6 million of OTTI losses. Net realized gains in 2014 were primarily due to $23.3 million of gains recognized from the sale of equities.

Additionally, during the first half of 2015, we repurchased senior debentures with a net carrying value of $68.0 million at a cost of $86.5 million, resulting in a loss of $18.5 million.

Income Taxes

We are subject to the tax laws and regulations of the U.S. and foreign countries in which we operate. We file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return that includes the holding company and its U.S. subsidiaries. Generally, taxes are accrued at the U.S. statutory tax rate of 35% for income from the U.S. operations. Our primary non-U.S. jurisdiction is the U.K. In July 2012, the U.K. statutory rate decreased from 26% to 24% effective April 1, 2012 and from 24% to 23% effective April 1, 2013. Further decreases were enacted in July 2013 to reduce the statutory rate from 23% to 21% effective April 1, 2014 and from 21% to 20% effective April 1, 2015. We accrue taxes on certain non-U.S. income that is subject to U.S. tax at the U.S. tax rate. Foreign tax credits, where available, are utilized to offset U.S. tax as permitted. A portion of our non-U.S. income is not subject to U.S. tax until repatriated. Foreign taxes on this non-U.S. income are accrued at the local foreign rate and do not have an accrual for U.S. deferred taxes since these earnings are intended to be indefinitely reinvested overseas.

Three Months Ended June 30, 2015 Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2014

The provision for income taxes from continuing operations was an expense of $31.7 million in the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to an expense of $25.2 million during the same period in 2014. These provisions resulted in consolidated effective federal tax rates of 20.8% and 23.4% for the three months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. These provisions reflect benefits related to tax planning strategies implemented in prior years of $3.2 million and $4.7 million during the three months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively and a $2.6 million benefit on the gain on disposal of the U.K. motor business for the three months ended June 30, 2015.  Additionally, the three months ended June 30, 2014 included benefits of $4.4 million related to foreign exchange losses that were deducted on our 2013 U.S. tax return and a reduction of a valuation allowance of $0.6 million. The permanent tax benefit related to foreign exchange was not otherwise recognized in our U.S. GAAP financial statements. Absent these items, the provision for income taxes would have been $37.5 million or 32.6% and $34.9 million or 32.4% for the three months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

The income tax provision on operating income was an expense of $34.1 million during the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $27.5 million during the same period in 2014. These provisions resulted in effective tax rates for operating income of 32.6% and 32.0% in 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2015 Compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 2014

The provision for income taxes from continuing operations was an expense of $53.8 million in the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to an expense of $42.6 million during the same period in 2014. These provisions resulted in consolidated effective federal tax rates of 23.4% and 23.7% for the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively. These provisions reflect benefits related to tax planning strategies implemented in prior years of $6.0 million and $8.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and a $2.6 million benefit on the gain on disposal of the U.K. motor business for the six months ended June 30, 2015. Additionally, the six months ended June 30, 2014 included benefits of the aforementioned $4.4 million foreign exchange and a reduction of a valuation allowance of $2.0 million. Absent these items, the provision for income taxes would have been $62.4 million or 32.5% and $57.8 million or 32.1% for the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

The income tax provision on operating income was an expense of $61.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $49.2 million during the same period in 2014. These provisions resulted in effective tax rates for operating income of 32.5% and 31.8% in 2015 and 2014, respectively.

During the first six months of 2014, we released the valuation allowance related to our deferred tax assets of $2.9 million held at the beginning of the year. The write off of this valuation allowance resulted from appreciation in our investment portfolio. Accordingly, we recorded decreases in our valuation allowance of $2.0 million as an adjustment to income tax expense and $0.9 million as an adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income.

 

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Critical Accounting Estimates

Interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP and include certain accounting policies that we consider to be critical due to the amount of judgment and uncertainty inherent in the application of those policies. While we believe that the amounts included in our consolidated financial statements reflect our best judgment, the use of different assumptions could produce materially different accounting estimates. As disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014, we believe the following accounting estimates are critical to our operations and require the most subjective and complex judgment:

For a more detailed discussion of these critical accounting estimates, see our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014.

 

Statutory Surplus of U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries

The following table reflects statutory surplus for our U.S. insurance subsidiaries:

 

 

The statutory capital and surplus for our U.S. insurance subsidiaries increased $69.5 million during the first six months of 2015, primarily due to operating results, partially offset by a decrease in admitted tax assets.

The NAIC prescribes an annual calculation regarding risk based capital (“RBC”). RBC ratios for regulatory purposes are expressed as a percentage of the capital required to be above the Authorized Control Level (the “Regulatory Scale”); however, in the insurance industry, RBC ratios are widely expressed as a percentage of the Company Action Level. The following table reflects the Company Action Level, the Authorized Control Level and RBC ratios for Hanover Insurance (which includes Citizens and other U.S. insurance subsidiaries), as of June 30, 2015, expressed both on the Industry Scale (Total Adjusted Capital divided by the Company Action Level) and Regulatory Scale (Total Adjusted Capital divided by Authorized Control Level):

 

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Lloyd’s Capital Requirement

Chaucer corporate members operate in the Lloyd’s market, which requires that these members deposit funds, referred to as “Funds at Lloyd’s”, to support their underwriting interests. Lloyd’s sets required capital annually for all participating syndicates based on each syndicate’s business plans, the rating and reserving environment, and discussions with regulatory and rating agencies. Although the minimum capital levels are set by Lloyd’s, it is the responsibility of Chaucer to continually monitor the risk profiles of its managed syndicates to ensure that the level of funding remains appropriate. Such capital is comprised of cash and cash equivalents, investments, and undrawn letters of credit provided by various banks.

We have the following securities, letters of credit and cash and cash equivalents pledged to Lloyd’s to satisfy these capital requirements at June 30, 2015. We are in compliance with the capital requirements at June 30, 2015 and expect to be able to meet these capital requirements in the future.

 

 

 

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is a measure of our ability to generate sufficient cash flows to meet the cash requirements of business operations. As a holding company, our primary ongoing source of cash is dividends from our insurance subsidiaries. However, dividend payments to us by our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are subject to limitations imposed by regulators, such as prior notice periods and the requirement that dividends in excess of a specified percentage of statutory surplus or prior year’s statutory earnings receive prior approval (so called “extraordinary dividends”). No dividends were paid to the holding company by Hanover Insurance during the second quarter of 2015.  

Dividend payments to the holding company by Chaucer are regulated by U.K. law. Dividends from Chaucer are dependent on dividends from its subsidiaries. Annual dividend payments from Chaucer are limited to retained earnings that are not restricted by capital and other requirements for business at Lloyd’s. Also, Chaucer must provide advance notice to the U.K.’s Prudential Regulation Authority (“PRA”), of certain proposed dividends or other payments from PRA regulated entities. Dividends of $86.0 million were paid to the holding company by Chaucer during the second quarter of 2015. 

In connection with an intercompany borrowing arrangement between Chaucer and the holding company, interest on a $300 million note is paid by Chaucer on a quarterly basis to the holding company. This interest may be deferred at the election of the holding company. If deferred, the interest is added to the principal. For each of the six month periods ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, Chaucer paid $11.2 million of interest to the holding company.

At June 30, 2015, THG, as a holding company, held $154.3 million of fixed maturities and cash. We believe our holding company assets will be sufficient to meet our future obligations, which consist primarily of dividends to our shareholders (as and to the extent declared), the interest on our senior and subordinated debentures, certain costs associated with benefits due to our former life employees and agents, and, to the extent required, payments related to indemnification of liabilities associated with the sale of various subsidiaries. We do not expect that it will be necessary to dividend additional funds from our insurance subsidiaries in order to fund 2015 holding company obligations; however, we may decide to do so.

Sources of cash for our insurance subsidiaries primarily consist of premiums collected, investment income and maturing investments. Primary cash outflows are paid claims, losses and loss adjustment expenses, policy and contract acquisition expenses, other underwriting expenses and investment purchases. Cash outflows related to losses and loss adjustment expenses can be variable because of uncertainties surrounding settlement dates for liabilities for unpaid losses and because of the potential for large losses either individually or in the aggregate. We periodically adjust our investment policy to respond to changes in short-term and long-term cash requirements.

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Net cash provided by operating activities was $102.7 million during the first six months of 2015, as compared to $167.4 million during the first six months of 2014. The $64.7 million change primarily resulted from a slight increase in loss and LAE payments during the first half of 2015.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $243.1 million during the first six months of 2015, as compared to net cash used in investing activity of $22.9 million during the first six months of 2014. During 2015, cash provided by investing activities primarily related to net disposals of fixed maturities and net cash received from the disposition of our U.K. motor business, partially offset by net purchases of equity securities and other investments. In 2014, cash used was primarily related to net purchases of equity securities and other investments, partially offset by net purchases of fixed maturities.

Net cash used in financing activities was $137.2 million during the first six months of 2015, as compared to net cash used in financing activities of $33.0 million during the first six months of 2014. During 2015, cash used in financing activities primarily resulted from the purchase of debt, payment of dividends to shareholders and the repurchase of common stock. These cash outflows were partially offset by cash inflows related to option exercises and the security lending program. During 2014, cash used in financing activities primarily resulted from the payment of dividends to shareholders.    

Dividends to common shareholders are subject to quarterly board approval and declaration. During the first six months of 2015, as declared by the Board, we paid two quarterly dividends, each for $0.41 per share to our shareholders, totaling $36.3 million. We believe that our holding company assets are sufficient to provide for future shareholder dividends should the Board of Directors declare them.

We expect to continue to generate sufficient positive operating cash to meet all short-term and long-term cash requirements relating to current operations, including the funding of our qualified defined benefit pension plan and the Chaucer pension plan. The ultimate payment amounts for our benefit plans are based on several assumptions, including but not limited to, the rate of return on plan assets, the discount rate for benefit obligations, mortality experience, interest crediting rates, inflation and the ultimate valuation and determination of benefit obligations. Since differences between actual plan experience and our assumptions are almost certain, changes both positive and negative to our current funding status and ultimately our obligations in future periods are likely.

Our insurance subsidiaries maintain a high degree of liquidity within their respective investment portfolios in fixed maturity and short-term investments. We believe that the quality of the assets we hold will allow us to realize the long-term economic value of our portfolio, including securities that are currently in an unrealized loss position. We do not anticipate the need to sell these securities to meet our insurance subsidiaries’ cash requirements since we expect our insurance subsidiaries to generate sufficient operating cash to meet all short-term and long-term cash requirements. However, there can be no assurance that unforeseen business needs or other items will not occur causing us to have to sell those securities in a loss position before their values fully recover, thereby causing us to recognize impairment charges in that time period.

Our Board of Directors has authorized aggregate repurchases of our common stock of up to $600 million. Repurchases may be executed using open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, accelerated repurchase programs or other transactions. We are not required to purchase any specific number of shares or to make purchases by any certain date under this program. During the first six months of 2015, we repurchased approximately 0.3 million shares of our common stock at a cost of $23.5 million. As of June 30, 2015, we have approximately $93 million available, under Board authorization, for repurchases.

Additionally, from time to time, we may also repurchase our debt on an opportunistic basis. During the first half of 2015, we repurchased senior debentures with a net carrying value of $68.0 million at a cost of $86.5 million, resulting in a loss of $18.5 million, which is included in other operating expenses.

We have a $200.0 million credit agreement which expires in November 2018, with an option to increase the facility to $300.0 million assuming no default and satisfaction of certain other conditions. The agreement also includes a $50 million sub-facility for standby letters of credit that can be used for general corporate purposes. The agreement contains financial covenants including, but not limited to, maintaining at least a certain level of consolidated equity, maximum consolidated leverage ratios and requires certain of our subsidiaries to maintain a minimum RBC ratio. We had no borrowings under this agreement during the first half of 2015. 

Membership in FHLBB provides us with access to additional liquidity based on our stock holdings and pledged collateral. At June 30, 2015, we had additional borrowing capacity of $50 million. There were no borrowings outstanding under this agreement at June 30, 2015; however, we have and may continue, from time to time, to borrow through this facility to provide short term liquidity.

We also have a Standby Letter of Credit Facility (the “Facility Agreement”) not to exceed £130.0 million (or $203.9 million) outstanding at any one time, with the option to increase the amount available for issuances of letters of credit to £195.0 million (or $305.9 million) in the aggregate on one occasion only during the term of the Facility Agreement (subject to the consent of all lenders and assuming no default and satisfaction of other specified conditions). Amounts in U.S. dollars were converted based on the foreign currency exchange rate of 1.57 at June 30, 2015. The agreement provides certain covenants including, but not limited to, the syndicates’ financial condition. The Facility Agreement provides regulatory capital supporting Chaucer’s underwriting activities for the 2014 and 2015 years of account and each prior open year of account and is generally renewed biennially to support new underwriting years.

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Simultaneous with the Facility Agreement, we entered into a Guaranty Agreement (the “Guaranty Agreement”) with Lloyds Bank plc, as Facility Agent and Security Agent, pursuant to which, we unconditionally guarantee the obligations of Chaucer under the Amended Facility Agreement. The Guaranty Agreement contains certain customary financial covenants related to our primary U.S.-domiciled property and casualty companies and certain negative covenants that limit our ability, among other things, to incur or assume certain debt, grant liens on our property, merge or consolidate, dispose of assets, materially change the nature or conduct of our business and make restricted payments (except, in each case, as provided by certain exceptions). The Guaranty Agreement also contains certain customary representations and warranties.

For a more detailed discussion of our credit agreements, see also “Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014.

At June 30, 2015, we were in compliance with the covenants of our debt and credit agreements.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We currently do not have any material off-balance sheet arrangements that are reasonably likely to have an effect on our financial position, revenues, expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources.

Contingencies and Regulatory Matters

Information regarding contingencies and regulatory matters appears in Part I – Note 13 “Commitments and Contingencies” in the Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

Risks and Forward-Looking Statements

Information regarding risk factors and forward-looking information appears in Part II – Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in Part I – Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014. This Management’s Discussion and Analysis should be read and interpreted in light of such factors.

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ITEM 3 

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES

ABOUT MARKET RISK

Our market risks, the ways we manage them, and sensitivity to changes in interest rates, equity price risk, and foreign currency exchange risk are summarized in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations as of December 31, 2014, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014. There have been no material changes in the first six months of 2015 to these risks or our management of them.

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ITEM 4 

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures Evaluation

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).

Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls over financial reporting will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Based on our controls evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that (i) the information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) material information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting, as required by Rule 13a-15(d) of the Exchange Act, to determine whether any changes occurred during the period covered by this quarterly report on Form 10-Q that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that there were no such changes during the quarter ended June 30, 2015, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1 – LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Reference is made to the litigation matter captioned “Durand Litigation” under “Commitments and Contingencies – Legal Proceedings” in Note 13 in the Notes to Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

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ITEM 1A – RISK FACTORS

This document contains, and management may make, certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, may be forward-looking statements. When used in our Management’s Discussion and Analysis, the words: “believes”, “anticipates”, “expects”, “projections”, “outlook”, “should”, “could”, “plan”, “guidance”, “likely”, “on track to”, “targeted” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We wish to caution readers that accuracy with respect to forward-looking projections is difficult and risks and uncertainties, in some cases, have affected, and in the future could affect, our actual results and could cause our actual results for the remainder of 2015 and beyond to differ materially from historical results and from those expressed in any of our forward-looking statements. We operate in a business environment that is continually changing, and as such, new risk factors may emerge over time. Additionally, our business is conducted in competitive markets and therefore involves a higher degree of risk. We cannot predict these new risk factors nor can we assess the impact, if any, that they may have on our business in the future. Some of the factors that could cause actual results to differ include, but are not limited to, the following:

 

 

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In addition, historical and future reported financial results include estimates with respect to premiums written and earned, reinsurance recoverables, current accident year “picks”, loss and loss adjustment reserves and development, fair values of certain investments, other assets and liabilities, tax, contingent and other liabilities, and other items. These estimates are subject to change as more information becomes available.

For a more detailed discussion of our risks and uncertainties, see also Item 1A – Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014.

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ITEM 2 – UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Shares purchased in the second quarter of 2015 are as follows:  

 

 

 

 

(1)Since the announcement of our share repurchase program on October 29, 2007, the Board has authorized us to repurchase up to $600 million in shares of our common stock using open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, accelerated repurchase programs or other transactions.

(2)Includes 703 shares withheld to satisfy tax withholding amounts due from employees related to the receipt of stock which resulted from the exercise or vesting of equity awards.

(3)Includes 993 shares withheld to satisfy tax withholding amounts due from employees related to the receipt of stock which resulted from the exercise or vesting of equity awards.

(4)Reflects shares withheld to satisfy tax withholding amounts due from employees related to the receipt of stock which resulted from the exercise or vesting of equity awards.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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ITEM 6 – EXHIBITS

 

 

 

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SIGNATURES 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

 

 

 

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